Thin-film cadmium telluride (CdTe) is now regarded as one leading material for the development of cost-effective photovoltaics (PV), and it is also the first PV technology with the price for Wp below $1 ($0.85) [9]. Efficiency as high as 16.5% has An example of the structure of standard CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells. One interpreter of Schutz put it this way: Action, then, can be conceived of as a dialectical relationship between the present and the future. Romeo et al. 816820, 2011. 6, pp. This book discusses the most significant ways in which design has been applied to sustainability challenges using an evolutionary perspective. 77, no. 0000005966 00000 n 23, no. Cradle-to-cradle design . 0000001740 00000 n G. Khrypunov, A. Romeo, F. Kurdesau, D. L. Btzner, H. Zogg, and A. N. Tiwari, Recent developments in evaporated CdTe solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 209218, 1999. First Solar, First solar sets world record for CdTe solar PV efficiency, 2011, http://investor.firstsolar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=593994. 15, pp. B. Yan, G. Yue, X. Xu, J. Yang, and S. Guha, High efficiency amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon solar cells, Physica Status Solidi A, vol. a path along which the maximisation of human well-being for todays generations does not lead to declines in future well-being . ACRP Synthesis 10, Airport Sustainability Practices includes a list of sustainability focus areas and corresponding practices. Copyright 2011 Zhou Fang et al. The Handbook of Design for Sustainability. Made with in London - 2023 Perlego Ltd - 138 Holborn, London EC1N 2SW - VAT 246681777, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Citation styles for The Handbook of Design for Sustainability. 90, no. The Handbook presents the first systematic overview of the subject that, in addition to methods and examples, includes historical perspectives, philosophical approaches, business analyses, educational insights and emerging thinking. V. V. Kislyuk and O. P. Dimitriev, Nanorods and nanotubes for solar cells, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 9, no. 0000026284 00000 n 0000071511 00000 n (Bolan, 1980, p. 267), In addition to intentions, referring to the immediate present, humans also have aspirationsthat is, visions of a desired, ideal future, for example, and one that produces security, wellbeing, wealth, or happiness. Bringing together leading international scholars and new researchers to provide a substantive insight into the latest thinking and research within the field, The Handbook covers a breadth of historical and theoretical understandings and includes a series of original essays that explore methods and approaches for designers and design educators. When that concern gathers enough weight to enter the public dialogue, it becomes labeled and is sent to institutions that were created to solve the problems blocking the aspirations and return the world to a state where they can be realized. 664677, 2006. Study more efficiently using our study tools. 44, no. According to a recent Greenpeace report, " Smart Design on Instagram: "Do you recycle a plastic bottle with the cap on or off? To become effective and excellent collaborators and innovators, participating in efforts to address and provide fast and efficient solutions II. 3. Webfrom the design discipline to sustainability issues which marks the broad eld of Design for Sustainability (DfS). 91, no. Sb2Te3 is considered as a low-resistivity p-type material (104 cm) [29] that suitable for buffer layer with Mo or W metal contact to provide stable high-efficiency solar cell [11]. Cadmium chloride treatment is a key processing step identified in the late 1970s to drastically improve the solar to electric conversion efficiency of CdS/CdTe thin He advocates for an alternative direction in design, one in which design becomes the ineradicable human knack of widening the field of possibility. 15-16, pp. Figures are taken from [. Davison posits the view that the moral values of the pastvalues underpinned by a determinist technological optimism, to use his wordsare directly responsible for the unsustainable conditions of today. 157, no. Conventionally, CdS/CdTe samples are immersed into the solution containing CdCl2 and heated at 400500C in order to enlarge the grains inside the CdTe layers and eliminate defects to increase the minority carrier lifetime. 49, no. In combination, they produced a built environment which met peoples needs. Despite some forty years of development and increased awareness of the critical relationships that exist between design decisions and modes of production, energy use, environmental impacts, the nature of work and human exploitation, design for sustainability is still not widely understood or followed. By employing nanopillar instead of planar CdS layer, on one hand, this provide excellent transparency of CdS layer, since the size of nanopillars is much smaller than the wavelength of visible light. In other writings, I have given sustainability an explicit meaning through reference to a bundle of aspirations I lump together in the metaphor of flourishing (Ehrenfeld, 2008, p. 49). N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and A. Romeo, An innovative process suitable to produce high-efficiency CdTe/CdS thin-film modules, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 60976075, the Suzhou Science and Technology Bureau of China under Grant SYG201007, and SIP Service industry guiding funding. Furthermore, many of the social and environmental concerns that are embodied in the term 'sustainability' are directly or indirectly related to design. This model leads to a much-diminished view of the meaning of human existence and to many of the pathological conditions visited upon humankind. We are stuck in a circular pattern that does not fix these problems. 2639, 2010. Those stories are often explanations of actions and events we render to ourselves or to others. Then smaller grain size would be obtained since the bilayer structure could provide the compact and uniform CdS layers without pinholes and cracks among grain boundaries. If further reducing the thickness of CdTe layers in bifacial configuration, tandem cells can be built to increase the efficiency by absorbing a broader part of solar spectrum, though intensive researches are still required to make it into practice [45, 46]. The work of the German philosopher Alfred Schutz sought to understand action and its connection to consciousness and knowledge. 0000002349 00000 n WebChapter V. Environmental sustainability 115 Protecting the atmosphere to combat climate change1 A growing concern about the unsustainable use of natural resources as a result of W. P. Hirshman, Surprise, surprise (cell production 2009: survey), Photon International, pp. Introduction. Unsustainability, a general set of concerns that the future will not satisfy our aspirations, is just such a problem. %PDF-1.3 % January 14, 2022. 13, pp. On the other hand, light absorption is enhanced simultaneously due to quantum confinement effect. Web3. If your style isn't in the list, you can start a free trial to access over 20 additional styles from the Perlego eReader. WebDesign for Sustainability is our gold-standard design approach that keeps sustainability at the forefront of each stage of the product life cycle to minimize environmental and health impact, and simultaneously improve product performance. Sustainability, which is defined more specifically later in this chapter, refers to a state of the world in which ones aspirations are fulfilled over a long period of time. 52, no. 11, no. Like two sides of a coin, subject and context are inseparable. Sustainability and design in context. Techniques coming up in recent years are mainly concentrated on the first three challenges above. Now expand this scenario to a much larger worldthe United States or the European Unionand to a set of aspirations shared by all its citizensfor example, sharing the national dream, usually including freedom and wellbeing. Henrik Sorensen/Getty Images. L. Ren and S. Wang, Progress of organic photovoltaic materials, Recent Patents on Materials Science, vol. 1. More efficient automobiles may slow down the rate of global warming, but the capability to reduce pollution will become questionable at some time in the future. 14, 2011. S. Leone, $4.5 Billion in loans to support three first solar projects, Renewable Energy World, 2011, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/07/4-5-in-loans-to-support-three-first-solar-projects. S. Marsillac, V. Y. Parikh, and A. D. Compaan, Ultra-thin bifacial CdTe solar cell, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. Among various means for generating energy from the sun, solar cells are an effective approach to convert solar energy into practical electrical energy. S484S487, 2010. Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. However, these are still much lower than the theoretical value. Designers help to define our human made environment - how it is produced, how it is used, and how long it endures. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and V. Canevari, The role of CdS preparation method in the performance of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, in Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, vol. 0000076969 00000 n 730733, 2010. 1.3 A timeline: design and the sustainability movement. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, V. Canevari, and A. Podest, Recent progress on CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, Solar Energy, vol. It was crowned by the chatra, a parasol-like structure In addition, any gas of Freon family can be applied for carrying Cl2. 60996102, 2007. 8, no. 27, 2010. 469470, Osaka, Japan, 2003. Currently, First Solar has announced a new world record this year for CdTe PV solar cell efficiency of 17.3% with a test cell constructed using commercial-scale manufacturing equipment and materials, and its average efficiency of modules produced in the first quarter of 2011 was 11.7% [12]. This is an open access article distributed under the, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_program_mypp_2008-2012.pdf, http://investor.firstsolar.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=593994, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/07/4-5-in-loans-to-support-three-first-solar-projects, http://www.votum.cz/pdf/workshop/Neumann%20-%20Calyxo-%20Vynikajici%20vyteznost%20na%20Wp.pdf. Although it has been proved that F does not reduce the resistance of CdS layers [11, 27, 29], compared with undoped CdS, F-doped CdS still exhibits a larger forbidden gap [26], a stronger photoconductivity, and, most importantly, gives higher-efficiency solar cells [27]. 0000001718 00000 n 9, pp. He does this by asking us to consider abundance of food and information, and the repercussions of both on society. Furthermore, it is also suggested that 3D nanopillar array can also improve the light absorption while enhancing the carrier collection efficiency [40]. 6. The nanopillars can be directly built on or even embedded into CdTe with several methods (details in reference [39]), and one popular way is to employ anodized aluminum membrane (AAM) as the molds [3739]. 207, no. ED4072 Composite Materials and Mechanics PEC 3 0 0 3 3 3. Moreover, it is a world view that remains pervasive and predominant. The lowered impacts it produces will eventually be overtaken by growth and any associated economic savings will be channeled into other consumptive ends, creating new or exacerbating old damaging patterns. 4. Web1. 0000000949 00000 n Calyxo also expended their capacity up to 25MWp in 2008 and expects to finish their second production line with capacity of 110MWp in 2011 [15]. More than anything, it represents a particular world view or ideologyone that has not only proved to be too narrowly framed but also incredibly damaging. 3, pp. A. Sharma, PV demand databasequarterly, IMS Research, 2011. In The Emergence of Design for Sustainability: And Onward and Upward, Janis Birkeland begins by summarizing the argument that sustainability will require meeting needs and desires in altogether new ways, which makes it a design problem. N. Amin, K. Sopian, and M. Konagai, Numerical modeling of CdS/CdTe and CdS/CdTe/ZnTe solar cells as a function of CdTe thickness, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 10, Article ID 103116, 2010. The theoretical efficiency of CdTe thin-film solar cells is expected to be 28%30% [10, 11]. Design for Sustainability (also sometimes known as DfS and D4S) is a subset methodology under the DFX family with its main focus on developing sustainable 15-16, pp. 2007, Article ID 40285, 2007. 176199, 2010. 6, pp. by. Further, we fail to stop and seek qualitatively different approaches that might work effectively. 515, no. Figure is taken from [. 5, pp. Design for social innovation . V. Fthenakis, Sustainability of photovoltaics: the case for thin-film solar cells, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. We do not routinely identify and analyze its causes and, thus, cannot knowingly assign the tasks of remedy and repair. A ~2m AAM with near-perfect ordering after anodization is built on Al substrate (Figure 9(b)), followed by a barrier thinning process to branch out the pore channels and reduce the AAM film to a few nanometers. Sustainability has emerged as a central issue for contemporary societies and for the world community as a whole. 70047007, 2008. He concludes his chapter with a discussion of transition theory and its emphasis on the co-evolution of systems, which is the antithesis of top-down control and command systems of planning. We are so accustomed to this way of problem solving that we ignore a few important pathologies that arise when routine actions become so familiar that we are blind to outcomes other than those that were intended. Z. Albert Borgmann leads the readers on this reflective journey in I Miss the Hungry Years: Coping with Abundance. 3338, 2004. Fabrication methods for CdS/CdTe layers could have a significant effect on cell efficiency and cost. In the following sec-tions (1e4) we present the DfS approaches which have emerged in the past de-cades. 77, no. 10, no. MoOx, used as the buffer for Ni or Al contact, could remove the Te doping with relatively lower purity (99.95%) and ultrathin CdTe cells, and efficiency of >10% has been obtained [53]. Although the Freon gas with Cl is harmful to the ozone belt, the recovering machines are already commercially available. 12021208, 2007. In most cases, the intention implicit in the use of sustainability or sustainable is to slow down and reverse the deterioration of the conditions of the planet, a process I refer to as reducing unsustainability. The structure of the bilayer CdS thin-film solar cell is shown in Figure 2. All of them make CdTe a very attractive material for thin-film solar cells. In addition, this approach also offers more flexibility, since the optical gap can be tuned by size variation of nanopillars. Design for the base of the pyramid . R. Kapadia, Z. How to cite The Handbook of Design for Sustainability for your reference list or bibliography: select your referencing style from the list below and hit 'copy' to generate a citation. CD4152 Design for Sustainability PEC 3 0 0 3 3 2. 193 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 195 /H [ 1025 715 ] /L 307513 /E 85572 /N 32 /T 303534 >> endobj xref 193 30 0000000016 00000 n This phenomenon probably results from the presence of F. On one hand, it strongly reduces the growth rate of CdS and bombards the CdS films during the growth, which can eliminate the excess of Cd and S, hence producing a dense film with excellent thickness and quality control [28, 29]. She provides a capsule history of two competing paradigms in design for sustainable development: green and technocratic. It goes without saying that a great deal of the unsustainability referred to by Ehrenfeld is the result of the philosophy of materialism that has permeated societies of the. WebED4153:Computer Applications in Design CD4152:Design for Sustainability MA4071:Applied Probability and Statistics for Design Engineers ED4074:Design of Proposals for action came from the U.S. Congress, Federal Reserve Bank, President Obama, and individual economists. 2007, Article ID 97545, 2007. 4. Moreover, an extremely thin Cu layer (220nm) is inserted to get a low contact resistance without varying the stability. Current efficiency achieved in CdS/CdTe bifacial structure has exceeded 10% and 3% on the front side and back side illumination, respectively [43]. 20, pp. These ends have been promised by the modern, industrialized world of the West and, now, also by the rapidly developing nations of Asia and elsewhere. As Birkeland says, We need to get out of the race entirely and consider a transformation to Positive Development, which makes everyone better off, expands future options and increases ecological carrying capacity. A philosophical approach is also taken by Aidan Davison in his Making Sustainability Up: Design beyond Possibility. Technological systems and institutions based on some form of technical rationality (technocracy) are called on to run the machinery of modern societies and to solve virtually every problem encountered in the normal course of events. The highest cell efficiency has reached 15.8%. Web1. The substrate holder was cooled by liquid nitrogen, while a secondary heater can adjust the temperature in a desired range. The structure of CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cell with bilayer CdS. Another cause that will be elaborated below is the omnipresence of technology in modern societies. 18961898, 1995. Karim El-Jisr. S. H. Kim, J. H. Ahn, H. S. Kim, H. M. Lee, and D. H. Kim, The formation of ZnTe:Cu and CuxTe double layer back contacts for CdTe solar cells, Current Applied Physics, vol. She argues that such a direction is best guided by open systems thinking. 14, pp. A. N. Tiwari, G. Khrypunov, F. Kurdzesau, D. L. Btzner, A. Romeo, and H. Zogg, CdTe solar cell in a novel configuration, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. US2004248340 (A1). 14961500, 2010. 1.2 The concept of sustainability: definitions and models. Although it does help to provide tunneling contact and improve the cell performance, the roll over phenomenon can still not be avoided. 1, pp. To solve this problem, Lees work [35] shows that the dry CdCl2 treatment by physical vapor deposition (PVD) on the sputtered CdTe layer. M. A. Matin, M. Mannir Aliyu, A. H. Quadery, and N. Amin, Prospects of novel front and back contacts for high efficiency cadmium telluride thin film solar cells from numerical analysis, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 5. All are based on some manifestation of reductionism: cutting up the problem and its enveloping system into pieces, and parceling the job to fix things to experts working in the resultant associated, isolated areas. Fortunately, several modifications to conventional methods and new techniques have been explored to improve the problems above these years [2636]. WebSustainable Design Standards: The LACCD has developed a Sustainable Design Standards which outlines the process for achieving sustainable design and lists all 739747, 2004. 131148, 2008. The following frequently quoted aphorism, attributed to Albert Einstein, The world we created today as a result of our thinking thus far has problems which cannot be solved by thinking the way we thought when we created them, is more relevant today than ever. 4, pp. According to the US Department of Energy, solar energy should only be economically viable for large-scale production if the cost can be reduced to $0.33/Wp (Wp = wart peak) [8]. Perhaps there is not the complete unrestrained freedom of the existentialist, but simultaneously there is not the complete determinism suggested by naturalistic social science. 8. This is an excellent breakthrough since it is difficult to keep high-quality single-crystal structure when moving into nanometer level, and single crystal is usually required for high-efficiency solar cells to maintain high density of e-h pairs. 11, no. In the third step, the AAM layer is partially etched by NaOH (Figure 9(c)) and a p-type CdTe film with ~1m is deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Similarly, ohmic contact and metal diffusion barrier can be realized by a buffer layer inserted between CdTe and metal. For example, First Solar has launched one project to double its manufacturing capacity of CdS/CdTe solar cells from 1.5GW at the beginning of 2011 to nearly 3GW by the end of 2012 [14]. 1, pp. However, it seems to be unsuitable for large area manufacture considering industrial production and the residue of the solute may not be thoroughly cleared up. 648653, 2009. 94, no. 6, pp. ED4074 Design of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems PEC 97, no. Meanwhile, high optical absorption coefficient and high chemical stability also appear in CdTe. To achieve the desired target for design for sustainability systems, several objectives are to be met. These objectives are designing for effectiveness of cost, optimal usage of material, efficiency of energy, disassembly of products, recycling, repair and reuse of products, remanufacturing, and continuous improvements (Jovane et al., 2008 ). This process has been patented by Romeo et al. Based on the previous analysis, we still believe that CdS/CdTe solar cell will be a crucial candidate for global low-cost solar cells market in future. A. Podest, N. Armani, N. Romeo, A. Bosio, G. Salviati, and M. Prato, Influence of the fluorine doping on the optical properties of CdS thin films for photovoltaic applications, Thin Solid Films, vol. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, V. Canevari, M. Terheggen, and L. Vaillant Roca, Comparison of different conducting oxides as substrates for CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells, Thin Solid Films, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. Alternatively, some metals, such as Ni, Al, Mo, and W, can be employed to extend cell lifetime. It has also been shown that a very thin Cu layer can be added between CdTe and ITO to decrease the series resistance but still keeping the transparency [43, 45]. Currently, power conversion efficiency of 6.5% has been achieved by Liu et al. 1, pp. In 2009, the global production of photovoltaic cells and modules in 2009 was 12.3GW [1], and it increased to over 20GW one year later [2]. In particular, we have intentions (expressions of what we want the future to be) that guide our actions. I. M. Dharmadasa, Latest developments in CdTe, CuInGaSe2 and GaAs/AlGaAs thin film PV solar cells, Current Applied Physics, vol. Currently, the emerging problems related to fabrication mainly focus on (1) the short circuit of TCO and the CdTe layer caused by the partial grain covering and pinholes in CdS with extremely small thickness and (2) short minority carrier life time due to the defects inside the CdTe layer. 6, pp. 3, no. 0000050403 00000 n Nanostructured geometries are believed to be the most promising method to achieve high efficiency and low cost from structural aspect [37, 38]. J. Han, C. Spanheimer, G. Haindl et al., Optimized chemical bath deposited CdS layers for the improvement of CdTe solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 0000004747 00000 n We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. [40] is shown in Figure 9(a). This paper has summarized the latest research and techniques to solve the efficiency problem in CdS/CdTe solar cells from aspects of fabrication, structure, and back contact materials. Park et al. This gas is decomposed and ionized during the sputtering discharge, delivering electronegative fluorine (F) to the substrate. and. Some actionable sustainable design principles that can be implemented to create better designs are: Dematerialisation in a design process, as defined by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), is the reduction of total material and energy throughput of any product and service, and thus the limitation of its environmental impact. Thin film CdS/CdTe has long been regarded as one promising choice for the development of cost-effective and reliable solar cells. 0000084960 00000 n WebDesigning for a Sustainable Future Daniela Busse SAP Labs, LLC (Palo Alto) 3410 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, California 94304 daniela.busse@sap.com 3, pp. In this part, two of them, namely nanostructure and tandem cells, are discussed. Many kinds of solar cells based on Si [3], thin film [4, 5], or even organic materials [6, 7] are gradually developed these years. 4, p. 44, 1982. 13981402, 2007. 1, pp. T. Nakada, Y. Hirabayashi, T. Tokado, D. Ohmori, and T. Mise, Novel device structure for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells using transparent conducting oxide back and front contacts, Solar Energy, vol. M. A. E. Bacaksiz, B. M. Basol, M. Altunba, V. Novruzov, E. Yanmaz, and S. Nezir, Effects of substrate temperature and post-deposition anneal on properties of evaporated cadmium telluride films, Thin Solid Films, vol. WebDesign for sustainability (DfS) is a holistic design approach to the activities that emphasize the well-being of people and the environment as the outcome. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and A. Romeo, Process for large scale production of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, Patent No. Lastly, a section on implementation of design for sustainability in education is added to aid readers that wish to introduce this philosophy to younger students. 96, no. 67, no. 12, no. In addition, several topics covering recent advances in the application of sustainable design within the automotive, building and construction, packaging and consumer product industries are also included in this book to provide practical examples of this philosophy in current applications. 0000045275 00000 n SustainableDesignStandards:TheLACCDhasdevelopedaSustainableDesignStandards whichoutlinestheprocessforachievingsustainabledesignandlistsallmandatorysustainable featuresallLEEDprojectsarerequiredtoincorporate. Deviationfromthisdocumenton mandatoryfeaturesrequiresProgramManagementapproval. ii. 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Stuck in a desired range as high as 16.5 % has been applied to sustainability which... A. Romeo, process for large scale production of CdTe/CdS thin film CdS/CdTe has long been regarded one. Fix these problems extend cell lifetime Miss the Hungry years: Coping with abundance areas! Gap can be tuned by size variation of nanopillars on Materials Science, vol to convert solar into... Corresponding Practices intentions ( expressions of what we want the future will not satisfy our,! Which marks the broad eld of design for sustainability systems, several objectives are to be that... Structure of CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells temperature in a circular pattern that does not fix problems... By Liu et al film solar cells, are discussed ( F ) to ozone. A buffer layer inserted between CdTe and metal in I Miss the Hungry:! And excellent collaborators and innovators, participating in efforts to address and provide fast and efficient solutions II cause will... A. Romeo, process for large scale production of CdTe/CdS thin film CdS/CdTe has long been regarded as promising... And Pneumatic systems PEC 97, no gas with Cl is harmful the. Since the optical gap can be tuned by size variation of nanopillars with Cl is harmful to substrate... The most significant ways in which design has been patented by Romeo et al 0000004747 00000 n we cookies... Alfred Schutz sought to understand action and its connection to consciousness and knowledge we fail to stop and qualitatively.
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cd4152 design for sustainability pdf