Immediate emergency actions As noted above, the earthquake and tsunami resulted in the loss of AC and DC electrical power and a huge amount of rubble. BMC Health Serv Res. A decade after a powerful earthquake and tsunami set off the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear meltdown in . [7], reproduced with publisher permission (License Number 3365080379769). Therefore, careful interpretation and further investigation are warranted regarding regional variations in the depressive states of new mothers. Pediatr Int. In 2013 one of these leaks was classified as a level-3 nuclear incident. BMC Psychiatry 15, 59 (2015). Quake leaves 2 million people without power in Japan. Mishina A, Mishina H, Morita Y. Feasibility of two-question screening tool for maternal depressive symptoms at well-child visits. In the days following the incident, the government was forced to declare an evacuation zone for the area around the nuclear plant. The Pregnancy and Birth Survey of the FHMS has been conducted every year since the disaster. PubMed Central TEPCO officials reported that tsunami waves generated by the main shock of the Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011, damaged the backup generators at the Fukushima Daiichi plant. The immediate effect was a decline in global nuclear electricity generation through 2012. Havenaar JM, van den Brink W. Psychological factors affecting health after toxicological disasters. (In Japanese). Another factor of interest in the current study, interruption of post-disaster obstetrical care, significantly increased mothers risk for depressive symptoms. A 2016 study on the effects of the accident on fish and marine products showed that the contamination level had decreased dramatically over time, though the radioactivity of some species, especially sedentary rockfish, remained elevated within the exclusion zone. The effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident will be felt for decades into the future, say local and international activists on the 10th anniversary of Japan's triple disaster of March. Updates? But after the initial radiation leaks subside, research has shown that wildlife communities can recover to levels sometimes higher than they were before the catastrophes. At the time of the accident, only reactors 13 were operational, and reactor 4 served as temporary storage for spent fuel rods. Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. A sharp increase inmortalityamong elderly people who were put in temporary housings has been reported, along with increased risk of non-communicable diseases, such asdiabetesand mental health problems. A standard health-effects model was used to estimate human exposure to radioactivity. Ryota Takakura was working at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on March 11 2011, packing low-level radioactive waste into drums, when the ground began to shake and then heaved like a ship . Goto, A., Bromet, E.J., Fujimori, K. et al. Psychiatric history was self-reported in the questionnaire and included pre-pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postnatal occurrences. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Government of Japan's early actions in response to events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant were in line with the existing recommendations for radiation exposure. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Shusanki Igaku. It was followed by a tsunami which resulted in waves reaching heights of more than 10 meters. Springer Nature. Most emergency workers and people living in contaminated areas received relatively low whole-body radiation doses, according to a United Nations study published in 2008. An earthquake and tsunami led to power loss in the Fukushima Daiichi plant. Article Thus, the current sample included 8,196 women with singleton live births. (1992, February). Japan's government announced a decision to begin dumping more than a million tons of treated but still radioactive wastewater from the crippled Fukushima nuclear plant into the . The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is an intergovernmental agency that facilitates co-operation among countries with advanced nuclear technology infrastructures to seek excellence in nuclear safety, technology, science, environment and law., On 11 March 2011, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale jolted the eastern coast of Japan. Although all three of the reactors that were operating were successfully shut down, the loss of power caused cooling systems to fail in each of them within the first few days of the disaster. Residential region and obstetrical care after the disaster were also included as independent factors of interest. In order to examine whether the relationship between any change in medical facilities and depression differed by the degree to which the local region was affected by the disaster, we repeated the same analysis and compared the severely affected coastal regions (Soso and Iwaki) with regions not as strongly exposed (Kenchu, Kenpoku, Kennan, and Aizu and Minamiaizu). There were two major methodological limitations in the current study. The site is on Japans Pacific coast, in northeastern Fukushima prefecture about 100 km (60 miles) south of Sendai. The symposium featured active debate on the . The proportion of mothers that changed medical facilities was also highest in Soso (Figure2). Accessed March 6, 2015. The proportion of infants with a low birth weight was 7.3%, while 2.6% were born with a congenital anomaly. Radiation effects. A third explosion occurred on March 15 in the building surrounding reactor 2. Because residents living near Fukishima were rapidly evacuated, few people were directly harmed by the radiation. Alternate titles: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, Fukushima nuclear accident. Similar to what was observed and reported for the Chernobyl population, the displaced Fukushima population is suffering from psycho-social and mental health impact following relocation, ruptured social links of people who lost homes and employment, disconnected family ties and stigmatization. After adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics, both mothers in Soso, the region in which the nuclear power plant is located, and mothers that had changed obstetrical care facilities were significantly more likely to screen positive for depression. The leak was severe enough to prompt Japans Nuclear Regulation Authority to classify it as a level-3 nuclear incident. Although many areas located within the 20-km evacuation warning zone and the expanded zone (an area called the difficult-to-return zone) continued to remain off-limits due to high radiation levels, officials began to allow limited activities (business activities and visitation but no lodging) in other previously evacuated areas with moderately high radiation levels. 13048). Both median maternal age (30years) and the proportion of low birth weight infants (7.3%) were similar to the nationwide averages reported in the general census (31years and 8.3% among singletons respectively) [15]. It also gave the name Fukushima an . The study found no evidence of increases in . This result is similar to previous findings of regional variation in mothers depressive symptoms within Fukushima City [9], and may be a reflection of mothers worries about radiation exposure. In order to conduct a sensitivity analysis to assess the potential effect of response bias on the proportion of mothers that screened positive for depressive symptoms, we assumed that non-respondents would demonstrate the same prevalence of depressive symptoms as delayed responders. 2013;22:7608. However, over 1,000 deaths were caused solely by the evacuation, not from radiation, the earthquake or the tsunami. Table2 shows a wide regional variation in the proportion of mothers with depressive symptoms, with the highest rate in Soso (coastal region) and lowest in Aizu (mountainous region). Efforts to clean up highly contaminated areas are generally failing because melting snow and rainwater run off the contaminated hills and return to recontaminate homes and land. Is there any risk from radioactive food contamination in Japan today? These measures resulted in a wide range of social, economic, and public health consequences. The disaster that ripped through northern Japan in March 2011 killed more than 19,000 people and prompted a global reckoning with the dangers of nuclear power. By responding to the survey participants were considered to have consented to participation. Nagata T, Kimura Y, Ishii M. Use of a geographic information system (GIS) in the medical response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. the global community receives the best advice on the matters related to the radioactive contamination in food. In the present study, the risk was elevated in a region nearest to the damaged nuclear power plant. A large excess of thyroid cancer due to radiation exposure, such as occurred after the Chernobyl accident, can be discounted because the estimated thyroid doses due to the Fukushima accident were substantially lower than in Chernobyl. The combined impact and repercussions of the earthquake and tsunami caused great loss of life and widespread devastation in north-eastern Japan. Fujimori K, Nomura Y, Yasuda S, Takahashi H. Obstetrical care in Fukushima Prefecture: obstetrical care and pregnancy trends immediately after the disaster. These measures were taken based on radiation safety considerations and the massive damage to the infrastructure and facilities following the earthquake and tsunami. 1997;17:35974. Whats happening at Fukushima plant 12 years after meltdown? In addition, there have been more than 2,000 disaster-related deaths. Titled "Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: Implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report", the UNSCEAR 2020 report summarizes all relevant scientific information (peer reviewed literature and monitoring data) available up to the end of 2019. J Womens Health (Larchmt). Fukushima accident, also called Fukushima nuclear accident or Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, accident in 2011 at the Fukushima Daiichi (Number One) plant in northern Japan, the second worst nuclear accident in the history of nuclear power generation. At the same time, efforts to deploy other low carbon sources, such as variable wind and solar, intensified as countries looked for new ways to address the climate crisis. At that time the explosion was thought to have damaged the containment vessel housing the fuel rods. In 2013, WHO published a health risk assessment from the FDNPS accident. What were the immediate consequences for the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plants? * Radioactivity measurements were originally published in Nagata et al. Among the 8,196 women surveyed, 27.6% screened positive for depressive symptoms. 2014;60:7581. In contrast, the mountainous regions of Aizu and Minamiaizu recorded the lowest levels of radiation among these regions. Cookies policy. The two items were During the past month, have you often felt down, depressed, or hopeless? and During the past month, have you often found little interest or pleasure in doing things? Mothers who answered yes to at least one of these questions were classified as displaying depressive symptoms. Without power, the cooling systems failed in three reactors, and their cores subsequently overheated. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. In addition, a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms was reported among mothers that experienced an interruption in their obstetrical care following the disaster. 1997;51:938. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. In addition, the more adversely affected coastal regions also reported a significantly higher risk among mothers that experienced medical referral (self-referral within the prefecture: aOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.101.96, p<0.01; self-referral outside the prefecture: aOR=1.37, 95% CI=1.081.73, p=0.01; medical referral: aOR=2.76, 95% CI=1.624.69, p<0.01). CAS Population health surveillance will permit the identification of additional needs for the delivery of health care. Through these partnerships, it contributes to the development, promotion, and harmonization of international radiation safety standards. By March 2017 all evacuation orders in the areas outside the difficult-to-return zone (which continued to sequester some 371 square km [about 143 square miles]) had been lifted. 2011;64:22259 (In Japanese). It was not until the middle of December 2011 that Japanese Prime Minister Noda Yoshihiko declared the facility stable, after the cold shutdown of the reactors was completed. This led to a partial meltdown of the fuel rods, a fire in the storage reactor, explosions in the outer containment buildings (caused by a buildup of hydrogen gas), and the release of radiation into the air and ocean. But another major study published in 2021, close to the 35th anniversary of the disaster, found no evidence of additional DNA damage in children born to parents who were exposed to radiation . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Our previous study on parent counseling records among mothers with young children in Fukushima City, an area with relatively high radiation contamination, found that changes in daily routine and concerns about radiation had a negative psychological impact [8]. Four variables were significantly associated with both the outcome (depressive symptoms) and the pertinent independent variable (residential region): maternal age, birth history, psychiatric history during pregnancy after the disaster, and obstetrical complications after the disaster. The Fukushima accident was an accident in 2011 at the Fukushima Daiichi (Number One) nuclear power plant in Japan. Fukushima accident, also called Fukushima nuclear accident or Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, Nuclear accident at the Tokyo Electric and Power Co. (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi ("Number One") plant in northern Japan, which became the second worst nuclear accident in the history of nuclear power generation.Tsunami waves generated by the main shock of the Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011 . Suzuki and Weissbecker support this notion in their assertion that, immediately following a disaster, responses targeting mental health should be built on existing systems [22]. 2011;23:297305. Nuclear disasters can cause widespread death and sickness among wildlife, just like humans. [http://rhino.med.yamanashi.ac.jp/sukoyaka/index.html]. Advertisement. Lancet. This may have significant bearings on the results of the present study, given that, according to the prefectural statistics of 2011 [24], Soso reported the lowest average per capita income level in the prefecture prior to the disaster. Eleven reactors at four sites (Fukushima Dai-ichi, Fukushima Dai-ni, Onagawa, and Tokai) along the northeast coast automatically shut down after the quake. plume and ingestion of radioactivity in food) exposure pathways. To date, the biggest challenge for the mitigation of the public health consequences of the triple disaster is the restoration of the social fabric and social trust. While no significant adverse outcomes were observed in the pregnancy and birth survey after the disaster, a higher prevalence ofpostpartum depressionwas noted among mothers in the affected region. Fukushima plant head: Too early to predict decommissioning. Kinoshita N, Sueki K, Sasa K, Kitagawa J, Ikarashi S, Nishimura T, et al. In the human body, iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland. BackgroundMothers of young children are at high-risk for developing adverse mental health effects following a nuclear accident. Long-term symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers of infants with congenital heart defects. The facility, operated by the Tokyo Electric and Power Company (TEPCO), was made up of six boiling-water reactors constructed between 1971 and 1979. First, our main outcome measure was a conventional depression screen with only two items. Specifically, Fukushima Medical University launched a prefecture-wide cohort survey (Fukushima Health Management Survey; FHMS) within one year of the disaster to investigate the mental and physical health of the population, and to lay the foundation for future research on the potential effects of low-dose radiation exposure on health [10]. For the purpose of this study, delayed respondents were defined as those that responded to the survey only after a reminder had been sent out. (In Japanese). All other members of the Pregnancy and Birth Survey Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey contributed to the implementation and quality assurance of the study. Beginning in July 2013, evacuation orders were lifted in some areas characterized by lower levels of radiation both within and beyond the 20-km evacuation warning zone. Mental Health Consequences and Social Issues After the Fukushima Disaster The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear power plant accident caused multidimensional and long-term effects on the mental health condition of people living in Fukushima. For example, the national census collects information on educational levels only every ten years and the rate of incomplete information in the latest 2010 survey was 12% [15]. Similar or even slightly higher rates of cysts and nodules were found in prefectures not affected by the nuclear accident. On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake 80 miles off the Northeast Coast of Japan triggered a series of tsunamis that struck nearby shorelines with only a few minutes' warning. For the twelve workers who were estimated to have received the highest absorbed radiation doses to the thyroid, an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer and other thyroid disorders was estimated. Following the reactor accident in March 2011, some 120,000 people in a radius of up to 40 kilometres around the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant had to leave their homes due to the high levels of radiation. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, Preliminary dose estimation from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, Psychological distress and the perception of radiation risks: the Fukushima health management survey -, Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami, based on a preliminary dose estimation, Developments since the 2013 UNSCEAR Report on the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident following the great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami, International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN), Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations, International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), WHOs Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network (REMPAN), Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015 - 2030, European Commission Radiation Protection Repor, The Fukushima Health Management Survey (by Fukushima Medical University), WHO response to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant accident, The Great East Japan Earthquake: a story of devastating natural disaster, a tale of human compassion, Radiation protection - Fukushima Lessons learned and issues, Radiation: Health consequences of the Fukushima nuclear accident. After. AG managed and analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. The accident was rated level 7 on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, due to high . In the days that followed, some 47,000 residents left their homes, many people in areas adjacent to the 20-km evacuation warning zone also prepared to leave, and workers at the plant made several attempts to cool the reactors using truck-mounted water cannons and water dropped from helicopters. In 2015, UNSCEAR released a white paper that evaluates new information in the peer-reviewed literature. Efforts are needed, both inside and outside Japan, to share the lessons learned from Fukushima around the world. Region-specific analysis revealed that adjusted risk was significantly higher for mothers that self-referred whilst living in less affected regions (self-referral within the prefecture: aOR=1.46, 95% CI=1.101.95, p=0.01; self-referral outside the prefecture: aOR=1.43, 95% CI=1.161.76, p<0.01; medical referral: aOR=1.99, 95% CI=0.731.37, p=0.99). PubMed Central A number of lessons were learned that help Japan and all countries better plan, prepare, respond and recovery from potential nuclear accidents. In the current study, we analyzed data derived from the very first survey in 2011, targeting women who lived in the Fukushima Prefecture, and who had registered their pregnancies from August 1, 2010 to July 31, 2011. A higher occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the evacuees was assessed as compared to the general population of Japan. 137Cs has a half-life of 30 years and this implies long term risk of exposure through ingestion and through exposure from ground deposition. When the Fukushima-Daiichi, Japan nuclear disaster began on March 11, 2011, evacuations were not immediate and some were hampered by the destructive after-effects of the Tsunami and earthquake that precipitated the nuclear crisis. After controlling for maternal age and birth history, it was found that Soso, the region in which the nuclear power plant is located, had a significantly higher proportion of mothers with depressive symptoms (aOR=1.36, 95% CI=1.151.62, p<0.01). The explosion, along with a fire touched off by rising temperatures in spent fuel rods stored in reactor 4, led to the release of higher levels of radiation from the plant. Pediatr Int. We especially thank Kohta Suzuki for his expert advice on statistical modeling. Slurs The study also considered the effects of discrimination and slurs against the workers from the general population. The Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on March 11, 2011, was a multiple disaster that included an earthquake, tsunami, and a massive nuclear power plant accident that caused immediate disruption to medical care [3] and persistent radiation contamination across a broad geographic area [4]. (In Japanese). Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8. Following similar findings conducted after previous radiation disasters that indicate that mothers of young children are a high-risk group for mental health consequences [1,2], our results suggest that upgrading the level mental health support for mothers with infants should be considered a high priority in the acute phase of a nuclear disaster response. What were the main public health consequences of the disaster? Given that the earliest a woman can register her pregnancy in Japan is in the fourth gestational week, and the latest is at the time of delivery, this target period was expected to cover most women who were pregnant at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. They have the same sensitivity as adults when it comes to 25 per cent of tumour types such as kidney and bladder, and are less sensitive than adults when it comes to 10 per cent of tumour types including lung cancer. Drug Dev Res. Google Scholar. After excluding two potential mediators (psychiatric history during pregnancy and obstetrical complications after the disaster), the remaining four were included in the adjusted model along with residential region. On April 12 nuclear regulators elevated the severity level of the nuclear emergency from 5 to 7the highest level on the scale created by the International Atomic Energy Agencyplacing it in the same category as the Chernobyl accident, which had occurred in the Soviet Union in 1986. Regional variations in the proportion of mothers that experienced obstetrical care interruption. The March 7 th . Among them, psychiatric history during pregnancy and obstetrical complications after the disaster were considered to be potential mediators, and both maternal age and birth history were entered into the multivariate analysis. Lists of women who had registered their pregnancies within the designated period were obtained from all municipalities in the prefecture. Immediate effects of the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster on depressive symptoms among mothers with infants: a prefectural-wide cross-sectional study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Article Fukushima Nuclear Accident was the worst emergency at a nuclear power plant since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The waves, travelling at up to 700 km/h and with a height of up to 40m, caused unimaginable devastation up to 10km inland. Radiation levels were based on the hourly average, region-specific measurements taken in August 2011, as reported by the prefectural office [13]. Fukushima now becomes the third level five incident in half a century of nuclear technology. At the end of March, the evacuation zone was expanded to 30 km around the plant, and ocean water near the plant was discovered to have been contaminated with high levels of iodine-131, which resulted from leakage of radioactive water through cracks in trenches and tunnels between the plant and the ocean. This finding is in line with a previous study of pregnant women affected by Hurricane Katrina, which found that maternal depression was associated with a loss of resources, including social support network and daily routine [27]. At least 16 workers were injured in the explosions, while dozens more were exposed to radiation as they worked to cool the reactors. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. EJB contributed to analysis planning, data interpretation, and manuscript writing. At Fukushima Daiichi 14.0% said they had suffered this abuse, while the figure for Daiini was 11.0%. As the fallout pattern became better understood, an additional corridor of land covering roughly 207 square km (80 square miles) and stretching away from the initial 20-km zone was also designated for evacuation in the months following the disaster. The demographic characteristics of all respondents (including those eliminated from the present analysis) have been previously reported [11]. 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immediate effects of fukushima nuclear disaster